Summary
Overview & Analysis
The Cybersecurity Law of the People's Republic of China is the foundational statute of China's cybersecurity regime. It applies to the construction, operation, maintenance, and use of networks within China, as well as related supervision and administration. Its core purposes are to safeguard cybersecurity, protect cyberspace sovereignty, national security, and the public interest, protect the lawful rights and interests of individuals and organizations, and support the healthy development of informatization. Substantively, the law covers network operation security, critical information infrastructure protection, network information security, personal information handling, monitoring and early warning, emergency response, and legal liability. The 2025 amendment is especially important because it formally brings AI into the statute: Article 20 now expressly supports AI basic research, key technologies such as algorithms, training-data resources, and compute infrastructure, while also calling for stronger AI ethics, risk monitoring, assessment, and security supervision.
The law matters greatly for AI because it does not regulate only "traditional cybersecurity." It sets many of the baseline operating rules for AI in China — who counts as a network operator, what cybersecurity obligations apply, when logging, vulnerability remediation, incident reporting, real-identity requirements, and information-content controls matter, and how AI systems intersect with critical information infrastructure, important data, personal information, and cross-border transfers. Official commentary has expressly stated that the 2025 amendment brings AI into China's national cybersecurity legal system and strengthens coordination with the Data Security Law and the Personal Information Protection Law, as part of China's broader "development plus security" approach to AI.
Relevant AI Scenarios
The Cybersecurity Law is relevant very broadly — not only to foundation-model companies but to almost any entity that builds, operates, maintains, uses, or provides AI-related services through networks in China. After the 2025 amendment, AI is now expressly written into the base legal framework.
1. Developing, Deploying, or Operating AI Systems Through Networks
If an AI system runs over a network or is offered through one, the company will usually fall within the law's broad concept of a network operator and must perform baseline security obligations — building internal rules, assigning responsible personnel, adopting technical safeguards, monitoring system status and incidents, and keeping logs. Model services, AI assistants, SaaS AI tools, and internal intelligent platforms should be designed not only for functionality but also for compliance with underlying cyber-operation duties.
2. Processing Personal Information, User Data, or Training and Inference Data
The law requires network operators collecting and using personal information to follow legality, legitimacy, and necessity principles, disclose rules, explain purpose, method and scope, obtain consent, and take measures against leakage, damage, and loss. In AI practice, this directly affects prompts, chat histories, account data, behavioral data, training corpora, and inference logs — AI data governance must be integrated with personal-information compliance.
3. Content Generation, Publishing, Recommendation, or User Interaction
Network operators must strengthen management of information published by users and, upon discovering prohibited content, stop transmission, take disposal measures such as deletion, preserve records, and report to competent authorities. For generative AI, retrieval-augmented answers, recommender systems, and conversational products, content-governance obligations have to be built into product design and operations from the start.
4. AI Deployed in Critical Information Infrastructure or Key-Sector Environments
If AI systems are used in public communications, energy, transport, finance, public services, e-government, or similar important sectors, the law's heightened CII requirements become relevant — including dedicated security management, emergency drills, disaster recovery, procurement review, local storage, and annual assessment. High-impact AI is treated not merely as business innovation but as part of infrastructure security and national-security governance.
5. Cloud, Databases, Model Platforms, or Cross-Border Technical Architecture
The law requires network products and services to comply with mandatory national standards and prohibits malicious code, requiring prompt remediation, notice, and reporting of vulnerabilities with ongoing security maintenance. For AI projects, this affects vendor selection for models, cloud, databases, and middleware, as well as whether personal information and important data may be transferred overseas — CII operators must in principle store data domestically, with outbound transfer subject to security assessment.
Practical Advice for Managers at Multinational Companies
For managers at multinational companies, AI compliance in China should not be understood only as a matter of privacy protection or content moderation. The Cybersecurity Law is a broader foundational framework covering network operations, product security, data handling, incident response, vendor management, and deployment in critical sectors.
01
Govern AI Projects First as Networked Systems
AI systems are often, first of all, networked systems. If a project runs in China over networks, connects to users, calls cloud resources, processes logs, or provides online services, it should be managed from the beginning through a network-operation security lens. A practical intake checklist should ask where the system is deployed, who owns security, how logs are retained, how vulnerabilities are remediated, and how incidents are escalated.
02
Build a Fast Tiered Governance Model
The way to balance speed and compliance is to stratify projects by risk. Low-risk internal productivity tools can go through lighter review. Projects processing moderately sensitive data or providing external-facing services need joint assessment by cybersecurity, data governance, and legal. Projects involving large volumes of personal information, important data, public interaction, key sectors, CII customers, or cross-border flows require enhanced review.
03
Make Logging, Monitoring & Incident Response Default Features
The law expressly requires monitoring and recording of operating status and cybersecurity incidents, keeping relevant logs for at least six months, and activating response plans upon incidents. For AI systems, model calls, permission changes, abnormal outputs, interface failures, data access, human overrides, and security incidents should all fall within the monitoring and audit trail system.
04
Put Security Maintenance Obligations into Vendor Contracts
The law requires network products and services to meet national standards, prohibits malicious code, and requires ongoing security maintenance. Procurement of AI models, cloud services, databases, middleware, and AI application platforms should specify vulnerability notification, patch timelines, logging support, incident cooperation, remote-access controls, maintenance periods, and exit arrangements.
05
Manage AI Data Governance Together with China Data Rules
The Cybersecurity Law already requires disclosure of collection and use rules, explanation of purpose/method/scope, consent, and prevention of personal-information leakage. The most effective approach is to require each important AI project to maintain a data map showing what is collected, whether it is used for training or inference, whether it is necessary for the service, whether it enters overseas systems, and how it can be deleted or corrected.
06
Design Content Governance Early for Public-Facing AI
The law requires network operators to stop transmission of prohibited information, delete it, preserve records, and report it. For generative AI, content governance must become a product capability, not merely a contract term. Management should ensure teams build prompt-risk controls, output interception, human escalation, complaint and reporting channels, record retention, and human review for higher-risk scenarios.
07
Apply a Higher Standard for CII-Adjacent Projects
Even where the company is not itself formally designated as a CII operator, if its AI system serves customers in finance, energy, transport, public services, e-government, or telecoms, assume a higher compliance standard — stronger access controls, disaster recovery, annual assessments, local deployment options, vendor confidentiality obligations, and procurement-review analysis. Manage these as a distinct class of high-impact projects from the outset.
08
Do Not Manage Projects with an "Old Law, Low Penalty" Mindset
The 2025 amendment increased the intensity of penalties for serious violations, especially where there are large-scale data leaks or partial or major loss of function in critical information infrastructure. AI security failures that might once have been viewed as ordinary IT issues — large log leaks, model-service failures disrupting key business, or poor vulnerability response — may now carry significantly more serious regulatory consequences in China.
The Cybersecurity Law is not a law that blocks AI development. It is the baseline governance boundary that makes larger-scale, longer-term AI deployment in China possible. The most effective approach is not to over-engineer compliance for every project, but to identify early which AI initiatives touch network operation security, content governance, personal information, critical sectors, or cross-border architecture — and then apply a higher level of control to those cases.
Full Text
Complete Legislative Text
Table of Contents
Chapter I — General Provisions
Article 1
This Law is enacted in order to safeguard cybersecurity, maintain cyberspace sovereignty and national security and the public interest, protect the lawful rights and interests of citizens, legal persons, and other organizations, and promote the healthy development of informatization in the economy and society.
Article 2
This Law applies to the construction, operation, maintenance, and use of networks within the territory of the People's Republic of China, as well as to the supervision and administration of cybersecurity.
Article 3
Cybersecurity work shall uphold the leadership of the Communist Party of China, implement the holistic approach to national security, coordinate development and security, and advance the building of a cyber power.
Article 4
The State adheres to the principle of giving equal importance to cybersecurity and the development of informatization, follows the policy of active use, scientific development, lawful administration, and ensuring security, advances the construction and interconnection of network infrastructure, encourages innovation and application of network technologies, supports the cultivation of cybersecurity talent, establishes and improves the cybersecurity protection system, and enhances cybersecurity protection capabilities.
Article 5
The State formulates and continuously improves cybersecurity strategy, clarifies the basic requirements and primary objectives for safeguarding cybersecurity, and puts forward cybersecurity policies, work tasks, and measures for key areas.
Article 6
The State adopts measures to monitor, defend against, and handle cybersecurity risks and threats originating both inside and outside the territory of the People's Republic of China, protects critical information infrastructure from attack, intrusion, interference, and destruction, lawfully punishes cyber crime activities, and maintains the security and order of cyberspace.
Article 7
The State advocates honest, trustworthy, healthy, and civilized online conduct, promotes the dissemination of socialist core values, adopts measures to improve the whole society's awareness and level of cybersecurity, and creates a sound environment in which the whole society jointly participates in promoting cybersecurity.
Article 8
The State actively carries out international exchange and cooperation in areas such as cyberspace governance, network technology research and development and standards formulation, and combating cyber crime, promotes the building of a peaceful, secure, open, and cooperative cyberspace, and establishes a multilateral, democratic, and transparent network governance system.
Article 9
The national cyberspace administration department is responsible for the overall planning and coordination of cybersecurity work and related supervision and administration. The telecommunications authority, public security authorities, and other relevant organs of the State Council shall, in accordance with this Law and relevant laws and administrative regulations, be responsible for cybersecurity protection and supervision and administration within the scope of their respective duties.
Article 10
Network operators engaging in business operations and service activities must comply with laws and administrative regulations, respect social morality, observe business ethics, act in good faith, fulfill cybersecurity protection obligations, accept supervision by the government and society, and undertake social responsibility.
Article 11
When constructing or operating networks or providing services through networks, technical measures and other necessary measures shall be adopted in accordance with the provisions of laws and administrative regulations and the mandatory requirements of national standards to ensure the secure and stable operation of networks, effectively respond to cybersecurity incidents, prevent cyber crime activities, and maintain the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of network data.
Article 12
Network-related industry organizations shall, in accordance with their charters, strengthen industry self-discipline, formulate codes of conduct for cybersecurity, guide members in strengthening cybersecurity protection, improve the level of cybersecurity protection, and promote the healthy development of the industry.
Article 13
The State protects the rights of citizens, legal persons, and other organizations to lawfully use networks, promotes the popularization of network access, improves the level of network services, provides society with secure and convenient network services, and safeguards the lawful, orderly, and free flow of network information.
Any individual or organization using a network shall abide by the Constitution and laws, observe public order, respect social morality, shall not endanger cybersecurity, and shall not use networks to engage in activities endangering national security, honor, and interests, inciting subversion of State power, inciting separatism or undermining national unity, promoting terrorism or extremism, promoting ethnic hatred or discrimination, disseminating violent, obscene, or pornographic information, fabricating or disseminating false information to disrupt economic or social order, or infringing upon the reputation, privacy, intellectual property, and other lawful rights and interests of others.
Any individual or organization using a network shall abide by the Constitution and laws, observe public order, respect social morality, shall not endanger cybersecurity, and shall not use networks to engage in activities endangering national security, honor, and interests, inciting subversion of State power, inciting separatism or undermining national unity, promoting terrorism or extremism, promoting ethnic hatred or discrimination, disseminating violent, obscene, or pornographic information, fabricating or disseminating false information to disrupt economic or social order, or infringing upon the reputation, privacy, intellectual property, and other lawful rights and interests of others.
Article 14
The State supports the research and development of network products and services conducive to the healthy growth of minors, lawfully punishes activities conducted through networks that endanger the physical and mental health of minors, and provides minors with a secure and healthy online environment.
Article 15
Any individual or organization has the right to report acts endangering cybersecurity to the cyberspace administration, telecommunications, public security, and other departments. Departments receiving such reports shall promptly handle them in accordance with the law; where the matter does not fall within their duties, they shall promptly transfer it to the competent department for handling. Relevant departments shall keep confidential the relevant information of reporters and protect their lawful rights and interests.
Chapter II — Support and Promotion of Cybersecurity
Article 16
The State establishes and improves the cybersecurity standards system. The standardization administration department of the State Council and other relevant departments shall, in accordance with their respective duties, organize the formulation and timely revision of national standards and industry standards relating to cybersecurity management and the security of network products, services, and operations.
Article 17
The State Council and the people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government shall make overall plans, increase investment, support key cybersecurity technology industries and projects, support the research, development, and application of cybersecurity technologies, promote secure and trustworthy network products and services, protect intellectual property rights in network technologies, and support enterprises, research institutions, and institutions of higher education in participating in national cybersecurity technology innovation projects.
Article 18
The State advances the establishment of a socialized cybersecurity service system and encourages relevant enterprises and institutions to carry out security services such as cybersecurity certification, testing, and risk assessment.
Article 19
The State encourages the development of technologies for the protection and utilization of network data security, promotes the opening of public data resources, and advances technological innovation and economic and social development.
Article 20
The State supports research on the basic theories of artificial intelligence and the research and development of key technologies such as algorithms, advances the construction of infrastructure such as training data resources and computing power, improves artificial intelligence ethical norms, strengthens risk monitoring, assessment, and security supervision, and promotes the application and healthy development of artificial intelligence.
The State supports innovation in cybersecurity management methods and the use of new technologies such as artificial intelligence to improve the level of cybersecurity protection.
The State supports innovation in cybersecurity management methods and the use of new technologies such as artificial intelligence to improve the level of cybersecurity protection.
Article 21
People's governments at all levels and their relevant departments shall organize regular cybersecurity publicity and education and guide and urge relevant entities to do a good job in cybersecurity publicity and education. Mass media shall conduct targeted cybersecurity publicity and education for society.
Article 22
The State supports enterprises, institutions of higher education, vocational schools, and other education and training institutions in carrying out cybersecurity-related education and training, cultivating cybersecurity talent through multiple means, and promoting the exchange of cybersecurity talent.
Chapter III — Network Operation Security
Section 1 — General Provisions
Article 23
The State implements the cybersecurity multi-level protection system. Network operators shall, in accordance with the requirements of the cybersecurity multi-level protection system, perform the following security protection obligations to ensure that networks are free from interference, destruction, or unauthorized access, and to prevent network data from being leaked, stolen, or tampered with:
(1) formulate internal security management systems and operating procedures, determine the person responsible for cybersecurity, and implement cybersecurity protection responsibility;
(2) adopt technical measures to prevent acts endangering cybersecurity such as computer viruses, cyberattacks, and network intrusions;
(3) adopt technical measures to monitor and record network operating status and cybersecurity incidents, and retain relevant web logs for not less than six months as required;
(4) adopt measures such as data classification, backup of important data, and encryption;
(5) other obligations as prescribed by laws and administrative regulations.
(1) formulate internal security management systems and operating procedures, determine the person responsible for cybersecurity, and implement cybersecurity protection responsibility;
(2) adopt technical measures to prevent acts endangering cybersecurity such as computer viruses, cyberattacks, and network intrusions;
(3) adopt technical measures to monitor and record network operating status and cybersecurity incidents, and retain relevant web logs for not less than six months as required;
(4) adopt measures such as data classification, backup of important data, and encryption;
(5) other obligations as prescribed by laws and administrative regulations.
Article 24
Network products and services shall comply with the mandatory requirements of relevant national standards. Providers of network products and services shall not install malicious programs; where risks such as security defects or vulnerabilities are discovered in their network products or services, they shall immediately take remedial measures, promptly inform users as required, and report to the relevant competent departments.
Providers of network products and services shall continuously provide security maintenance for their products and services; they shall not terminate the provision of security maintenance within the period prescribed or agreed upon by the parties.
Where network products and services have functions for collecting user information, their providers shall expressly inform users and obtain their consent; where users' personal information is involved, they shall also comply with the provisions of this Law and relevant laws and administrative regulations on personal information protection.
Providers of network products and services shall continuously provide security maintenance for their products and services; they shall not terminate the provision of security maintenance within the period prescribed or agreed upon by the parties.
Where network products and services have functions for collecting user information, their providers shall expressly inform users and obtain their consent; where users' personal information is involved, they shall also comply with the provisions of this Law and relevant laws and administrative regulations on personal information protection.
Article 25
Critical network equipment and specialized cybersecurity products shall, in accordance with the mandatory requirements of relevant national standards, be sold or provided only after passing security certification by a qualified institution or meeting the requirements through security testing. The national cyberspace administration department, together with relevant departments of the State Council, shall formulate and publish the catalog of critical network equipment and specialized cybersecurity products and shall promote mutual recognition of the results of security certification and security testing so as to avoid repeated certification and testing.
Article 26
When network operators handle services such as network access, domain name registration, fixed-line telephone, mobile telephone network access procedures, or provide services such as information publication or instant messaging for users, they shall require users to provide true identity information when signing agreements with users or confirming the provision of services. Where users do not provide true identity information, network operators shall not provide relevant services to them.
The State implements a trusted online identity strategy, supports the research and development of secure and convenient electronic identity authentication technologies, and promotes mutual recognition among different electronic identity authentication systems.
The State implements a trusted online identity strategy, supports the research and development of secure and convenient electronic identity authentication technologies, and promotes mutual recognition among different electronic identity authentication systems.
Article 27
Network operators shall formulate emergency response plans for cybersecurity incidents and promptly handle security risks such as system vulnerabilities, computer viruses, cyberattacks, and network intrusions; where incidents endangering cybersecurity occur, they shall immediately activate emergency response plans, take corresponding remedial measures, and report to the relevant competent departments as required.
Article 28
Activities such as cybersecurity certification, testing, and risk assessment, and the public release of cybersecurity information such as system vulnerabilities, computer viruses, cyberattacks, and network intrusions, shall comply with relevant State provisions.
Article 29
No individual or organization may engage in activities endangering cybersecurity such as illegally intruding into others' networks, interfering with the normal functions of others' networks, or stealing network data; nor may they provide programs or tools specifically used for activities endangering cybersecurity; where one knows that others are engaging in activities endangering cybersecurity, one may not provide them with technical support, advertising promotion, payment settlement, or other assistance.
Article 30
Network operators shall provide technical support and assistance to public security organs and state security organs for activities to safeguard national security and investigate crimes in accordance with the law.
Article 31
The State supports cooperation among network operators in areas such as the collection, analysis, notification, and emergency handling of cybersecurity information, so as to improve the security assurance capabilities of network operators. Relevant industry organizations shall establish and improve cybersecurity protection norms and cooperation mechanisms for their industries, strengthen the analysis and assessment of cybersecurity risks, regularly issue risk warnings to members, and support and assist members in responding to cybersecurity risks.
Article 32
Information obtained by cyberspace administration departments and relevant departments in the course of performing cybersecurity protection duties may only be used for the needs of maintaining cybersecurity and shall not be used for other purposes.
Section 2 — Operation Security of Critical Information Infrastructure
Article 33
The State gives focused protection, on the basis of the cybersecurity multi-level protection system, to critical information infrastructure in important industries and fields such as public communications and information services, energy, transportation, water conservancy, finance, public services, and e-government, as well as other critical information infrastructure that, once damaged, loses function, or leaks data, may seriously endanger national security, the national economy and people's livelihood, or the public interest. The specific scope and security protection measures for critical information infrastructure shall be formulated by the State Council.
Article 34
In accordance with the division of responsibilities prescribed by the State Council, departments responsible for the security protection of critical information infrastructure shall respectively formulate and organize the implementation of security plans for critical information infrastructure in their respective industries and fields, and guide and supervise the operation security protection of critical information infrastructure.
Article 35
The construction of critical information infrastructure shall ensure that it has the performance to support stable and continuous business operation, and shall ensure that security technical measures are planned, built, and put into use simultaneously.
Article 36
In addition to the provisions of Article 23 of this Law, operators of critical information infrastructure shall also perform the following security protection obligations:
(1) establish specialized security management bodies and security management personnel, and conduct security background checks on such personnel and personnel in key positions;
(2) regularly provide employees with cybersecurity education, technical training, and skills assessment;
(3) conduct disaster recovery backup for important systems and databases;
(4) formulate emergency response plans for cybersecurity incidents and conduct regular drills;
(5) other obligations as prescribed by laws and administrative regulations.
(1) establish specialized security management bodies and security management personnel, and conduct security background checks on such personnel and personnel in key positions;
(2) regularly provide employees with cybersecurity education, technical training, and skills assessment;
(3) conduct disaster recovery backup for important systems and databases;
(4) formulate emergency response plans for cybersecurity incidents and conduct regular drills;
(5) other obligations as prescribed by laws and administrative regulations.
Article 37
Where operators of critical information infrastructure procure network products and services that may affect national security, they shall undergo national security review organized by the national cyberspace administration department together with relevant departments of the State Council.
Article 38
When operators of critical information infrastructure procure network products and services, they shall, in accordance with regulations, sign security and confidentiality agreements with providers, clarifying security and confidentiality obligations and responsibilities.
Article 39
Personal information and important data collected and generated by operators of critical information infrastructure during operations within the territory of the People's Republic of China shall be stored within the territory. Where it is truly necessary to provide such data overseas for business reasons, a security assessment shall be conducted in accordance with the measures formulated by the national cyberspace administration department together with relevant departments of the State Council; where laws and administrative regulations provide otherwise, such provisions shall prevail.
Article 40
Operators of critical information infrastructure shall, by themselves or by entrusting cybersecurity service institutions, conduct at least one inspection and assessment each year of the security and possible risks of their networks, and shall submit the inspection and assessment results and improvement measures to the relevant departments responsible for the security protection of critical information infrastructure.
Article 41
The national cyberspace administration department shall coordinate relevant departments in taking the following measures for the security protection of critical information infrastructure:
(1) conduct spot checks and testing of security risks of critical information infrastructure, put forward improvement measures, and where necessary may entrust cybersecurity service institutions to conduct inspections and assessments of network security risks;
(2) regularly organize operators of critical information infrastructure to carry out cybersecurity emergency drills, so as to improve their ability to respond to cybersecurity incidents and coordinate with one another;
(3) promote cybersecurity information sharing among relevant departments, operators of critical information infrastructure, relevant research institutions, and cybersecurity service institutions;
(4) provide technical support and assistance for emergency response to cybersecurity incidents and the restoration of network functions.
(1) conduct spot checks and testing of security risks of critical information infrastructure, put forward improvement measures, and where necessary may entrust cybersecurity service institutions to conduct inspections and assessments of network security risks;
(2) regularly organize operators of critical information infrastructure to carry out cybersecurity emergency drills, so as to improve their ability to respond to cybersecurity incidents and coordinate with one another;
(3) promote cybersecurity information sharing among relevant departments, operators of critical information infrastructure, relevant research institutions, and cybersecurity service institutions;
(4) provide technical support and assistance for emergency response to cybersecurity incidents and the restoration of network functions.
Chapter IV — Network Information Security
Article 42
Network operators shall keep strictly confidential the user information they collect and shall establish and improve user information protection systems.
Where network operators process personal information, they shall comply with this Law and the provisions of laws and administrative regulations such as the Civil Code of the People's Republic of China and the Personal Information Protection Law of the People's Republic of China.
Where network operators process personal information, they shall comply with this Law and the provisions of laws and administrative regulations such as the Civil Code of the People's Republic of China and the Personal Information Protection Law of the People's Republic of China.
Article 43
When collecting and using personal information, network operators shall follow the principles of legality, legitimacy, and necessity, publicly disclose the rules for collection and use, expressly indicate the purpose, method, and scope of collection and use, and obtain the consent of the persons whose information is collected.
Network operators shall not collect personal information unrelated to the services they provide, shall not collect or use personal information in violation of laws, administrative regulations, or agreements between the parties, and shall process the personal information they preserve in accordance with the provisions of laws and administrative regulations and agreements with users.
Network operators shall not collect personal information unrelated to the services they provide, shall not collect or use personal information in violation of laws, administrative regulations, or agreements between the parties, and shall process the personal information they preserve in accordance with the provisions of laws and administrative regulations and agreements with users.
Article 44
Network operators shall not disclose, tamper with, or destroy the personal information they collect; without the consent of the persons whose information is collected, they shall not provide personal information to others. However, this does not apply where the information has been processed so that a specific individual cannot be identified and restoration is impossible.
Network operators shall adopt technical measures and other necessary measures to ensure the security of the personal information they collect and prevent information leakage, destruction, or loss. Where personal information leakage, destruction, or loss has occurred or may occur, they shall immediately take remedial measures, promptly inform users as required, and report to the relevant competent departments.
Network operators shall adopt technical measures and other necessary measures to ensure the security of the personal information they collect and prevent information leakage, destruction, or loss. Where personal information leakage, destruction, or loss has occurred or may occur, they shall immediately take remedial measures, promptly inform users as required, and report to the relevant competent departments.
Article 45
Where individuals discover that network operators have collected or used their personal information in violation of laws, administrative regulations, or agreements between the parties, they have the right to require network operators to delete their personal information; where they discover errors in the personal information collected or stored by network operators, they have the right to require network operators to correct it. Network operators shall take measures to delete or correct such information.
Article 46
No individual or organization may steal or otherwise illegally obtain personal information, or illegally sell or illegally provide personal information to others.
Article 47
Departments and their personnel lawfully bearing duties for cybersecurity supervision and administration must strictly keep confidential the personal information, privacy, and trade secrets they learn in the course of performing their duties, and shall not disclose, sell, or illegally provide them to others.
Article 48
Any individual or organization shall be responsible for its use of networks and shall not establish websites or communication groups used to commit fraud, teach criminal methods, or engage in illegal or criminal activities such as the manufacture or sale of prohibited or controlled items, and shall not use networks to publish information involving the commission of such activities.
Article 49
Network operators shall strengthen the management of information published by their users. Where they discover information whose publication or transmission is prohibited by laws or administrative regulations, they shall immediately stop transmitting such information, adopt disposal measures such as deletion to prevent the information from spreading, preserve relevant records, and report to the relevant competent departments.
Article 50
No individual or organization sending electronic information or providing application software may install malicious programs or contain information whose publication or transmission is prohibited by laws or administrative regulations.
Providers of electronic information transmission services and application download services shall perform security management obligations; where they know that their users have engaged in the conduct prescribed in the preceding paragraph, they shall stop providing services, adopt disposal measures such as deletion, preserve relevant records, and report to the relevant competent departments.
Providers of electronic information transmission services and application download services shall perform security management obligations; where they know that their users have engaged in the conduct prescribed in the preceding paragraph, they shall stop providing services, adopt disposal measures such as deletion, preserve relevant records, and report to the relevant competent departments.
Article 51
Network operators shall establish systems for complaints and reports on network information security, publish information such as the methods for making complaints and reports, and promptly accept and handle complaints and reports relating to network information security. Network operators shall cooperate with supervision and inspection lawfully carried out by the cyberspace administration department and relevant departments.
Article 52
Where the national cyberspace administration department and relevant departments, in performing their duties of supervision and administration of network information security according to law, discover information whose publication or transmission is prohibited by laws or administrative regulations, they shall require network operators to stop transmitting such information, adopt disposal measures such as deletion, and preserve relevant records; with respect to the above-mentioned information originating from outside the territory of the People's Republic of China, they shall notify relevant institutions to adopt technical measures and other necessary measures to block transmission.
Chapter V — Monitoring, Early Warning, and Emergency Response
Article 53
The State establishes systems for cybersecurity monitoring and early warning and information notification. The national cyberspace administration department shall coordinate relevant departments in strengthening the collection, analysis, and notification of cybersecurity information and shall uniformly publish cybersecurity monitoring and early warning information in accordance with regulations.
Article 54
Departments responsible for the security protection of critical information infrastructure shall establish and improve cybersecurity monitoring and early warning and information notification systems for their respective industries and fields, and shall report cybersecurity monitoring and early warning information as required.
Article 55
The national cyberspace administration department shall coordinate relevant departments in establishing and improving cybersecurity risk assessment and emergency work mechanisms, formulate emergency plans for cybersecurity incidents, and regularly organize drills.
Departments responsible for the security protection of critical information infrastructure shall formulate emergency plans for cybersecurity incidents in their respective industries and fields and regularly organize drills.
Emergency plans for cybersecurity incidents shall classify cybersecurity incidents according to factors such as the degree of harm and scope of impact after an incident occurs and shall prescribe corresponding emergency disposal measures.
Departments responsible for the security protection of critical information infrastructure shall formulate emergency plans for cybersecurity incidents in their respective industries and fields and regularly organize drills.
Emergency plans for cybersecurity incidents shall classify cybersecurity incidents according to factors such as the degree of harm and scope of impact after an incident occurs and shall prescribe corresponding emergency disposal measures.
Article 56
Where the risk of a cybersecurity incident increases, relevant departments of people's governments at or above the provincial level shall adopt the following measures:
(1) require relevant departments, institutions, and personnel to promptly collect and report relevant information and strengthen monitoring of cybersecurity risks;
(2) organize relevant departments, institutions, and professionals to analyze and assess cybersecurity risk information and predict the likelihood, scope of impact, and degree of harm of an incident;
(3) issue cybersecurity risk warnings to society and publish measures to avoid and mitigate harm.
(1) require relevant departments, institutions, and personnel to promptly collect and report relevant information and strengthen monitoring of cybersecurity risks;
(2) organize relevant departments, institutions, and professionals to analyze and assess cybersecurity risk information and predict the likelihood, scope of impact, and degree of harm of an incident;
(3) issue cybersecurity risk warnings to society and publish measures to avoid and mitigate harm.
Article 57
Where a cybersecurity incident occurs, the emergency plan for cybersecurity incidents shall be activated immediately, the cybersecurity incident shall be investigated and assessed, network operators shall be required to adopt technical measures and other necessary measures, security risks shall be eliminated, the expansion of harm shall be prevented, and warning information related to the public shall be published in a timely manner.
Article 58
Where relevant departments of people's governments at or above the provincial level, in the course of performing cybersecurity supervision and administration duties, discover relatively major security risks in a network or the occurrence of a security incident, they may conduct a supervisory interview with the legal representative or principal person in charge of the operator of that network. The network operator shall take measures as required, carry out rectification, and eliminate hidden dangers.
Article 59
Where an emergency incident or production safety accident occurs due to a cybersecurity incident, it shall be handled in accordance with the provisions of relevant laws and administrative regulations such as the Emergency Response Law of the People's Republic of China and the Work Safety Law of the People's Republic of China.
Article 60
Where it is necessary for safeguarding national security and public order or handling major sudden social security incidents, temporary measures such as restrictions on network communications may, upon decision or approval by the State Council, be taken in specific regions.
Chapter VI — Legal Liability
Article 61
Where a network operator fails to perform the cybersecurity protection obligations prescribed in Articles 23 and 27 of this Law, the relevant competent department shall order correction, issue a warning, and may impose a fine of not less than RMB 10,000 but not more than RMB 50,000; where correction is refused or consequences endangering cybersecurity are caused, a fine of not less than RMB 50,000 but not more than RMB 500,000 shall be imposed, and the directly responsible persons in charge and other directly liable persons shall be fined not less than RMB 10,000 but not more than RMB 100,000.
Where an operator of critical information infrastructure fails to perform the cybersecurity protection obligations prescribed in Articles 35, 36, 38, and 40 of this Law, the relevant competent department shall order correction, issue a warning, and may impose a fine of not less than RMB 50,000 but not more than RMB 100,000; where correction is refused or consequences endangering cybersecurity are caused, a fine of not less than RMB 100,000 but not more than RMB 1,000,000 shall be imposed.
Where either of the acts described in the preceding two paragraphs causes serious cybersecurity consequences such as large-scale data leakage or partial loss of function of critical information infrastructure, a fine of not less than RMB 500,000 but not more than RMB 2,000,000 shall be imposed; where particularly serious cybersecurity consequences are caused, such as the loss of the principal functions of critical information infrastructure, a fine of not less than RMB 2,000,000 but not more than RMB 10,000,000 shall be imposed.
Where an operator of critical information infrastructure fails to perform the cybersecurity protection obligations prescribed in Articles 35, 36, 38, and 40 of this Law, the relevant competent department shall order correction, issue a warning, and may impose a fine of not less than RMB 50,000 but not more than RMB 100,000; where correction is refused or consequences endangering cybersecurity are caused, a fine of not less than RMB 100,000 but not more than RMB 1,000,000 shall be imposed.
Where either of the acts described in the preceding two paragraphs causes serious cybersecurity consequences such as large-scale data leakage or partial loss of function of critical information infrastructure, a fine of not less than RMB 500,000 but not more than RMB 2,000,000 shall be imposed; where particularly serious cybersecurity consequences are caused, such as the loss of the principal functions of critical information infrastructure, a fine of not less than RMB 2,000,000 but not more than RMB 10,000,000 shall be imposed.
Article 62
Where, in violation of Paragraphs 1 and 2 of Article 24 and Paragraph 1 of Article 50 of this Law, any of the following acts is committed, the relevant competent department shall order correction and issue a warning; where correction is refused or consequences endangering cybersecurity are caused, a fine of not less than RMB 50,000 but not more than RMB 500,000 shall be imposed:
(1) installing malicious programs;
(2) failing to immediately take remedial measures for security defects, vulnerabilities, or other risks existing in its products or services, or failing to promptly inform users and report to the relevant competent departments as required;
(3) arbitrarily terminating the provision of security maintenance for its products or services.
(1) installing malicious programs;
(2) failing to immediately take remedial measures for security defects, vulnerabilities, or other risks existing in its products or services, or failing to promptly inform users and report to the relevant competent departments as required;
(3) arbitrarily terminating the provision of security maintenance for its products or services.
Article 63
Where, in violation of Article 25 of this Law, critical network equipment or specialized cybersecurity products are sold or provided without security certification or without passing security testing, the relevant competent department shall order the cessation of sale or provision, issue a warning, and confiscate illegal gains; where illegal gains are RMB 100,000 or more, a fine of not less than one time but not more than five times the illegal gains shall also be imposed; where the circumstances are serious, the department may also order suspension of relevant business, suspension of business for rectification, revocation of relevant business permits, or revocation of the business license.
Article 64
Where a network operator, in violation of Paragraph 1 of Article 26 of this Law, fails to require users to provide true identity information, or provides relevant services to users who do not provide true identity information, the relevant competent department shall order correction; where correction is refused or the circumstances are serious, a fine of not less than RMB 50,000 but not more than RMB 500,000 shall be imposed, and the department may also order suspension of relevant business, suspension of business for rectification, closure of a website or application, revocation of relevant business permits, or revocation of the business license.
Article 65
Where, in violation of Article 28 of this Law, one carries out activities such as cybersecurity certification, testing, or risk assessment, or releases to society cybersecurity information such as system vulnerabilities, computer viruses, cyberattacks, or network intrusions without complying with relevant State provisions, the relevant competent department shall order correction, issue a warning, and may impose a fine of not less than RMB 10,000 but not more than RMB 100,000; where correction is refused or the circumstances are serious, a fine of not less than RMB 100,000 but not more than RMB 1,000,000 shall be imposed.
Article 66
Where, in violation of Article 29 of this Law, one engages in activities endangering cybersecurity, or provides programs or tools specifically used for such activities, or provides technical support, advertising promotion, payment settlement, or other assistance to others engaging in such activities, and the act does not constitute a crime, the public security organ shall confiscate illegal gains, impose detention of not more than five days, and may concurrently impose a fine of not less than RMB 50,000 but not more than RMB 500,000; where the circumstances are relatively serious, detention of not less than five days but not more than fifteen days shall be imposed, and a concurrent fine of not less than RMB 100,000 but not more than RMB 1,000,000 may be imposed.
Persons who have received public security administration penalties for violating Article 29 of this Law may not engage in work in cybersecurity management or key positions in network operation within five years; persons who have received criminal penalties may never engage in such work.
Persons who have received public security administration penalties for violating Article 29 of this Law may not engage in work in cybersecurity management or key positions in network operation within five years; persons who have received criminal penalties may never engage in such work.
Article 67
Where an operator of critical information infrastructure, in violation of Article 37 of this Law, uses network products or services that have not undergone security review or have failed security review, the relevant competent department shall order it to make corrections within a time limit, cease use, and eliminate the impact on national security, and shall impose a fine of not less than one time but not more than ten times the procurement amount.
Article 68
Where, in violation of Article 48 of this Law, one establishes websites or communication groups used to commit illegal or criminal activities, or uses networks to publish information involving the commission of illegal or criminal activities, and the act does not constitute a crime, the public security organ shall impose detention of not more than five days, and may concurrently impose a fine of not less than RMB 10,000 but not more than RMB 100,000; where the circumstances are relatively serious, detention of not less than five days but not more than fifteen days shall be imposed.
Article 69
Where a network operator, in violation of Article 49 of this Law, fails to stop transmitting prohibited information, fails to adopt disposal measures such as deletion, fails to preserve relevant records, or fails to report to the relevant competent departments, the relevant competent department shall order correction, issue a warning, and circulate a notice of criticism, and may impose a fine of not less than RMB 50,000 but not more than RMB 500,000; where correction is refused or the circumstances are serious, a fine of not less than RMB 500,000 but not more than RMB 2,000,000 shall be imposed.
Where the act causes particularly serious impact or particularly serious consequences, the relevant competent department shall impose a fine of not less than RMB 2,000,000 but not more than RMB 10,000,000.
Where the act causes particularly serious impact or particularly serious consequences, the relevant competent department shall impose a fine of not less than RMB 2,000,000 but not more than RMB 10,000,000.
Article 70
Where a network operator, in violation of this Law, commits any of the following acts, the relevant competent department shall order correction; where correction is refused or the circumstances are serious, a fine of not less than RMB 50,000 but not more than RMB 500,000 shall be imposed:
(1) refusing or obstructing supervision and inspection lawfully carried out by relevant departments;
(2) refusing to provide technical support and assistance to public security organs or state security organs.
(1) refusing or obstructing supervision and inspection lawfully carried out by relevant departments;
(2) refusing to provide technical support and assistance to public security organs or state security organs.
Article 71
Any of the following acts shall be handled and punished in accordance with the provisions of relevant laws and administrative regulations:
(1) publishing or transmitting information prohibited from publication or transmission under Paragraph 2 of Article 13 of this Law and other laws and administrative regulations;
(2) infringing personal information rights and interests in violation of Paragraph 3 of Article 24 and Articles 43 through 45 of this Law;
(3) where an operator of critical information infrastructure stores personal information and important data overseas, or provides personal information and important data overseas, in violation of Article 39 of this Law.
(1) publishing or transmitting information prohibited from publication or transmission under Paragraph 2 of Article 13 of this Law and other laws and administrative regulations;
(2) infringing personal information rights and interests in violation of Paragraph 3 of Article 24 and Articles 43 through 45 of this Law;
(3) where an operator of critical information infrastructure stores personal information and important data overseas, or provides personal information and important data overseas, in violation of Article 39 of this Law.
Article 72
Where there is an illegal act prescribed by this Law, it shall be entered into the credit archives and publicly disclosed in accordance with the provisions of relevant laws and administrative regulations.
Article 73
Where an act in violation of this Law falls under circumstances for lighter punishment, mitigated punishment, or no punishment as prescribed by the Administrative Penalty Law of the People's Republic of China, such lighter, mitigated, or no punishment shall be applied in accordance with those provisions.
Article 74
Where the operator of a government affairs network of a State organ fails to perform the cybersecurity protection obligations prescribed by this Law, its superior organ or relevant organ shall order correction; the directly responsible persons in charge and other directly liable persons shall be given sanctions in accordance with the law.
Article 75
Where the cyberspace administration department or relevant departments, in violation of Article 32 of this Law, use information obtained in the course of performing cybersecurity protection duties for other purposes, the directly responsible persons in charge and other directly liable persons shall be given sanctions in accordance with the law.
Where staff members of the cyberspace administration department or relevant departments neglect their duties, abuse their powers, or engage in malpractice for personal gain and the act does not constitute a crime, they shall be given sanctions in accordance with the law.
Where staff members of the cyberspace administration department or relevant departments neglect their duties, abuse their powers, or engage in malpractice for personal gain and the act does not constitute a crime, they shall be given sanctions in accordance with the law.
Article 76
Where a violation of this Law causes damage to others, civil liability shall be borne in accordance with the law.
Where a violation of this Law constitutes a violation of public security administration, a public security administration penalty shall be imposed in accordance with the law; where a crime is constituted, criminal liability shall be pursued in accordance with the law.
Where a violation of this Law constitutes a violation of public security administration, a public security administration penalty shall be imposed in accordance with the law; where a crime is constituted, criminal liability shall be pursued in accordance with the law.
Article 77
Where overseas institutions, organizations, or individuals engage in activities endangering the cybersecurity of the People's Republic of China, legal liability shall be pursued in accordance with the law; where serious consequences are caused, the public security department of the State Council and relevant departments may also decide to adopt measures such as freezing assets or other necessary sanctions against such institutions, organizations, or individuals.
Chapter VII — Supplementary Provisions
Article 78
The meanings of the following terms in this Law are:
(1) "network" means a system composed of computers or other information terminals and related equipment that collects, stores, transmits, exchanges, and processes information according to certain rules and procedures;
(2) "cybersecurity" means the ability, through the adoption of necessary measures, to prevent attacks, intrusions, interference, destruction, and illegal use of networks, as well as accidental incidents, to maintain networks in a stable and reliable operating state, and to safeguard the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of network data;
(3) "network operator" means the owner, administrator, or network service provider of a network;
(4) "network data" means all kinds of electronic data collected, stored, transmitted, processed, and generated through networks;
(5) "personal information" means all kinds of information, recorded electronically or by other means, that can identify the identity of a natural person either alone or in combination with other information, including but not limited to the natural person's name, date of birth, identity document number, personal biometric information, address, telephone number, and so on.
(1) "network" means a system composed of computers or other information terminals and related equipment that collects, stores, transmits, exchanges, and processes information according to certain rules and procedures;
(2) "cybersecurity" means the ability, through the adoption of necessary measures, to prevent attacks, intrusions, interference, destruction, and illegal use of networks, as well as accidental incidents, to maintain networks in a stable and reliable operating state, and to safeguard the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of network data;
(3) "network operator" means the owner, administrator, or network service provider of a network;
(4) "network data" means all kinds of electronic data collected, stored, transmitted, processed, and generated through networks;
(5) "personal information" means all kinds of information, recorded electronically or by other means, that can identify the identity of a natural person either alone or in combination with other information, including but not limited to the natural person's name, date of birth, identity document number, personal biometric information, address, telephone number, and so on.
Article 79
The operational security protection of networks that store or process information involving State secrets shall, in addition to complying with this Law, also comply with the provisions of secrecy laws and administrative regulations.
Article 80
The security protection of military networks shall be separately prescribed by the Central Military Commission.
Article 81
This Law shall come into force on June 1, 2017.
中华人民共和国网络安全法
（2016年11月7日第十二届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第二十四次会议通过 根据2025年10月28日第十四届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十八次会议《关于修改〈中华人民共和国网络安全法〉的决定》修正）
来源：中国人大网
目 录
第一章 总则
第一条
为了保障网络安全，维护网络空间主权和国家安全、社会公共利益，保护公民、法人和其他组织的合法权益，促进经济社会信息化健康发展，制定本法。
第二条
在中华人民共和国境内建设、运营、维护和使用网络，以及网络安全的监督管理，适用本法。
第三条
网络安全工作坚持中国共产党的领导，贯彻总体国家安全观，统筹发展和安全，推进网络强国建设。
第四条
国家坚持网络安全与信息化发展并重，遵循积极利用、科学发展、依法管理、确保安全的方针，推进网络基础设施建设和互联互通，鼓励网络技术创新和应用，支持培养网络安全人才，建立健全网络安全保障体系，提高网络安全保护能力。
第五条
国家制定并不断完善网络安全战略，明确保障网络安全的基本要求和主要目标，提出重点领域的网络安全政策、工作任务和措施。
第六条
国家采取措施，监测、防御、处置来源于中华人民共和国境内外的网络安全风险和威胁，保护关键信息基础设施免受攻击、侵入、干扰和破坏，依法惩治网络违法犯罪活动，维护网络空间安全和秩序。
第七条
国家倡导诚实守信、健康文明的网络行为，推动传播社会主义核心价值观，采取措施提高全社会的网络安全意识和水平，形成全社会共同参与促进网络安全的良好环境。
第八条
国家积极开展网络空间治理、网络技术研发和标准制定、打击网络违法犯罪等方面的国际交流与合作，推动构建和平、安全、开放、合作的网络空间，建立多边、民主、透明的网络治理体系。
第九条
国家网信部门负责统筹协调网络安全工作和相关监督管理工作。国务院电信主管部门、公安部门和其他有关机关依照本法和有关法律、行政法规的规定，在各自职责范围内负责网络安全保护和监督管理工作。
第十条
网络运营者开展经营和服务活动，必须遵守法律、行政法规，尊重社会公德，遵守商业道德，诚实信用，履行网络安全保护义务，接受政府和社会的监督，承担社会责任。
第十一条
建设、运营网络或者通过网络提供服务，应当依照法律、行政法规的规定和国家标准的强制性要求，采取技术措施和其他必要措施，保障网络安全、稳定运行，有效应对网络安全事件，防范网络违法犯罪活动，维护网络数据的完整性、保密性和可用性。
第十二条
网络相关行业组织按照章程，加强行业自律，制定网络安全行为规范，指导会员加强网络安全保护，提高网络安全保护水平，促进行业健康发展。
第十三条
国家保护公民、法人和其他组织依法使用网络的权利，促进网络接入普及，提升网络服务水平，为社会提供安全、便利的网络服务，保障网络信息依法有序自由流动。
任何个人和组织使用网络应当遵守宪法法律，遵守公共秩序，尊重社会公德，不得危害网络安全，不得利用网络从事危害国家安全、荣誉和利益，煽动颠覆国家政权、推翻社会主义制度，煽动分裂国家、破坏国家统一，宣扬恐怖主义、极端主义，宣扬民族仇恨、民族歧视，传播暴力、淫秽色情信息，编造、传播虚假信息扰乱经济秩序和社会秩序，以及侵害他人名誉、隐私、知识产权和其他合法权益等活动。
任何个人和组织使用网络应当遵守宪法法律，遵守公共秩序，尊重社会公德，不得危害网络安全，不得利用网络从事危害国家安全、荣誉和利益，煽动颠覆国家政权、推翻社会主义制度，煽动分裂国家、破坏国家统一，宣扬恐怖主义、极端主义，宣扬民族仇恨、民族歧视，传播暴力、淫秽色情信息，编造、传播虚假信息扰乱经济秩序和社会秩序，以及侵害他人名誉、隐私、知识产权和其他合法权益等活动。
第十四条
国家支持研究开发有利于未成年人健康成长的网络产品和服务，依法惩治利用网络从事危害未成年人身心健康的活动，为未成年人提供安全、健康的网络环境。
第十五条
任何个人和组织有权对危害网络安全的行为向网信、电信、公安等部门举报。收到举报的部门应当及时依法作出处理；不属于本部门职责的，应当及时移送有权处理的部门。有关部门应当对举报人的相关信息予以保密，保护举报人的合法权益。
第二章 网络安全支持与促进
第十六条
国家建立和完善网络安全标准体系。国务院标准化行政主管部门和国务院其他有关部门根据各自的职责，组织制定并适时修订有关网络安全管理以及网络产品、服务和运行安全的国家标准、行业标准。
第十七条
国务院和省、自治区、直辖市人民政府应当统筹规划，加大投入，扶持重点网络安全技术产业和项目，支持网络安全技术的研究开发和应用，推广安全可信的网络产品和服务，保护网络技术知识产权，支持企业、研究机构和高等学校等参与国家网络安全技术创新项目。
第十八条
国家推进网络安全社会化服务体系建设，鼓励有关企业、机构开展网络安全认证、检测和风险评估等安全服务。
第十九条
国家鼓励开发网络数据安全保护和利用技术，促进公共数据资源开放，推动技术创新和经济社会发展。
第二十条
国家支持人工智能基础理论研究和算法等关键技术研发，推进训练数据资源、算力等基础设施建设，完善人工智能伦理规范，加强风险监测评估和安全监管，促进人工智能应用和健康发展。
国家支持创新网络安全管理方式，运用人工智能等新技术，提升网络安全保护水平。
国家支持创新网络安全管理方式，运用人工智能等新技术，提升网络安全保护水平。
第二十一条
各级人民政府及其有关部门应当组织开展经常性的网络安全宣传教育，并指导、督促有关单位做好网络安全宣传教育工作。大众传播媒介应当有针对性地面向社会进行网络安全宣传教育。
第二十二条
国家支持企业和高等学校、职业学校等教育培训机构开展网络安全相关教育与培训，采取多种方式培养网络安全人才，促进网络安全人才交流。
第三章 网络运行安全
第一节 一般规定
第二十三条
国家实行网络安全等级保护制度。网络运营者应当按照网络安全等级保护制度的要求，履行下列安全保护义务，保障网络免受干扰、破坏或者未经授权的访问，防止网络数据泄露或者被窃取、篡改：
（一）制定内部安全管理制度和操作规程，确定网络安全负责人，落实网络安全保护责任；
（二）采取防范计算机病毒和网络攻击、网络侵入等危害网络安全行为的技术措施；
（三）采取监测、记录网络运行状态、网络安全事件的技术措施，并按照规定留存相关的网络日志不少于六个月；
（四）采取数据分类、重要数据备份和加密等措施；
（五）法律、行政法规规定的其他义务。
（一）制定内部安全管理制度和操作规程，确定网络安全负责人，落实网络安全保护责任；
（二）采取防范计算机病毒和网络攻击、网络侵入等危害网络安全行为的技术措施；
（三）采取监测、记录网络运行状态、网络安全事件的技术措施，并按照规定留存相关的网络日志不少于六个月；
（四）采取数据分类、重要数据备份和加密等措施；
（五）法律、行政法规规定的其他义务。
第二十四条
网络产品、服务应当符合相关国家标准的强制性要求。网络产品、服务的提供者不得设置恶意程序；发现其网络产品、服务存在安全缺陷、漏洞等风险时，应当立即采取补救措施，按照规定及时告知用户并向有关主管部门报告。
网络产品、服务的提供者应当为其产品、服务持续提供安全维护；在规定或者当事人约定的期限内，不得终止提供安全维护。
网络产品、服务具有收集用户信息功能的，其提供者应当向用户明示并取得同意；涉及用户个人信息的，还应当遵守本法和有关法律、行政法规关于个人信息保护的规定。
网络产品、服务的提供者应当为其产品、服务持续提供安全维护；在规定或者当事人约定的期限内，不得终止提供安全维护。
网络产品、服务具有收集用户信息功能的，其提供者应当向用户明示并取得同意；涉及用户个人信息的，还应当遵守本法和有关法律、行政法规关于个人信息保护的规定。
第二十五条
网络关键设备和网络安全专用产品应当按照相关国家标准的强制性要求，由具备资格的机构安全认证合格或者安全检测符合要求后，方可销售或者提供。国家网信部门会同国务院有关部门制定、公布网络关键设备和网络安全专用产品目录，并推动安全认证和安全检测结果互认，避免重复认证、检测。
第二十六条
网络运营者为用户办理网络接入、域名注册服务，办理固定电话、移动电话等入网手续，或者为用户提供信息发布、即时通讯等服务，在与用户签订协议或者确认提供服务时，应当要求用户提供真实身份信息。用户不提供真实身份信息的，网络运营者不得为其提供相关服务。
国家实施网络可信身份战略，支持研究开发安全、方便的电子身份认证技术，推动不同电子身份认证之间的互认。
国家实施网络可信身份战略，支持研究开发安全、方便的电子身份认证技术，推动不同电子身份认证之间的互认。
第二十七条
网络运营者应当制定网络安全事件应急预案，及时处置系统漏洞、计算机病毒、网络攻击、网络侵入等安全风险；在发生危害网络安全的事件时，立即启动应急预案，采取相应的补救措施，并按照规定向有关主管部门报告。
第二十八条
开展网络安全认证、检测、风险评估等活动，向社会发布系统漏洞、计算机病毒、网络攻击、网络侵入等网络安全信息，应当遵守国家有关规定。
第二十九条
任何个人和组织不得从事非法侵入他人网络、干扰他人网络正常功能、窃取网络数据等危害网络安全的活动；不得提供专门用于从事侵入网络、干扰网络正常功能及防护措施、窃取网络数据等危害网络安全活动的程序、工具；明知他人从事危害网络安全的活动的，不得为其提供技术支持、广告推广、支付结算等帮助。
第三十条
网络运营者应当为公安机关、国家安全机关依法维护国家安全和侦查犯罪的活动提供技术支持和协助。
第三十一条
国家支持网络运营者之间在网络安全信息收集、分析、通报和应急处置等方面进行合作，提高网络运营者的安全保障能力。
第三十二条
网信部门和有关部门在履行网络安全保护职责中获取的信息，只能用于维护网络安全的需要，不得用于其他用途。
第二节 关键信息基础设施的运行安全
第三十三条
国家对公共通信和信息服务、能源、交通、水利、金融、公共服务、电子政务等重要行业和领域，以及其他一旦遭到破坏、丧失功能或者数据泄露，可能严重危害国家安全、国计民生、公共利益的关键信息基础设施，在网络安全等级保护制度的基础上，实行重点保护。关键信息基础设施的具体范围和安全保护办法由国务院制定。
第三十四条
按照国务院规定的职责分工，负责关键信息基础设施安全保护工作的部门分别编制并组织实施本行业、本领域的关键信息基础设施安全规划，指导和监督关键信息基础设施运行安全保护工作。
第三十五条
建设关键信息基础设施应当确保其具有支持业务稳定、持续运行的性能，并保证安全技术措施同步规划、同步建设、同步使用。
第三十六条
除本法第二十三条的规定外，关键信息基础设施的运营者还应当履行下列安全保护义务：
（一）设置专门安全管理机构和安全管理负责人，并对该负责人和关键岗位的人员进行安全背景审查；
（二）定期对从业人员进行网络安全教育、技术培训和技能考核；
（三）对重要系统和数据库进行容灾备份；
（四）制定网络安全事件应急预案，并定期进行演练；
（五）法律、行政法规规定的其他义务。
（一）设置专门安全管理机构和安全管理负责人，并对该负责人和关键岗位的人员进行安全背景审查；
（二）定期对从业人员进行网络安全教育、技术培训和技能考核；
（三）对重要系统和数据库进行容灾备份；
（四）制定网络安全事件应急预案，并定期进行演练；
（五）法律、行政法规规定的其他义务。
第三十七条
关键信息基础设施的运营者采购网络产品和服务，可能影响国家安全的，应当通过国家网信部门会同国务院有关部门组织的国家安全审查。
第三十八条
关键信息基础设施的运营者采购网络产品和服务，应当按照规定与提供者签订安全保密协议，明确安全和保密义务与责任。
第三十九条
关键信息基础设施的运营者在中华人民共和国境内运营中收集和产生的个人信息和重要数据应当在境内存储。因业务需要，确需向境外提供的，应当按照国家网信部门会同国务院有关部门制定的办法进行安全评估；法律、行政法规另有规定的，依照其规定。
第四十条
关键信息基础设施的运营者应当自行或者委托网络安全服务机构对其网络的安全性和可能存在的风险每年至少进行一次检测评估，并将检测评估情况和改进措施报送相关负责关键信息基础设施安全保护工作的部门。
第四十一条
国家网信部门应当统筹协调有关部门对关键信息基础设施的安全保护采取下列措施：
（一）对关键信息基础设施的安全风险进行抽查检测，提出改进措施；
（二）定期组织关键信息基础设施的运营者进行网络安全应急演练；
（三）促进有关部门、关键信息基础设施的运营者以及有关研究机构、网络安全服务机构之间的网络安全信息共享；
（四）对网络安全事件的应急处置与网络功能的恢复等，提供技术支持和协助。
（一）对关键信息基础设施的安全风险进行抽查检测，提出改进措施；
（二）定期组织关键信息基础设施的运营者进行网络安全应急演练；
（三）促进有关部门、关键信息基础设施的运营者以及有关研究机构、网络安全服务机构之间的网络安全信息共享；
（四）对网络安全事件的应急处置与网络功能的恢复等，提供技术支持和协助。
第四章 网络信息安全
第四十二条
网络运营者应当对其收集的用户信息严格保密，并建立健全用户信息保护制度。
网络运营者处理个人信息，应当遵守本法和《中华人民共和国民法典》、《中华人民共和国个人信息保护法》等法律、行政法规的规定。
网络运营者处理个人信息，应当遵守本法和《中华人民共和国民法典》、《中华人民共和国个人信息保护法》等法律、行政法规的规定。
第四十三条
网络运营者收集、使用个人信息，应当遵循合法、正当、必要的原则，公开收集、使用规则，明示收集、使用信息的目的、方式和范围，并经被收集者同意。
网络运营者不得收集与其提供的服务无关的个人信息，不得违反法律、行政法规的规定和双方的约定收集、使用个人信息。
网络运营者不得收集与其提供的服务无关的个人信息，不得违反法律、行政法规的规定和双方的约定收集、使用个人信息。
第四十四条
网络运营者不得泄露、篡改、毁损其收集的个人信息；未经被收集者同意，不得向他人提供个人信息。但是，经过处理无法识别特定个人且不能复原的除外。
网络运营者应当采取技术措施和其他必要措施，确保其收集的个人信息安全，防止信息泄露、毁损、丢失。
网络运营者应当采取技术措施和其他必要措施，确保其收集的个人信息安全，防止信息泄露、毁损、丢失。
第四十五条
个人发现网络运营者违反法律、行政法规的规定或者双方的约定收集、使用其个人信息的，有权要求网络运营者删除其个人信息；发现网络运营者收集、存储的其个人信息有错误的，有权要求网络运营者予以更正。网络运营者应当采取措施予以删除或者更正。
第四十六条
任何个人和组织不得窃取或者以其他非法方式获取个人信息，不得非法出售或者非法向他人提供个人信息。
第四十七条
依法负有网络安全监督管理职责的部门及其工作人员，必须对在履行职责中知悉的个人信息、隐私和商业秘密严格保密，不得泄露、出售或者非法向他人提供。
第四十八条
任何个人和组织应当对其使用网络的行为负责，不得设立用于实施诈骗，传授犯罪方法，制作或者销售违禁物品、管制物品等违法犯罪活动的网站、通讯群组，不得利用网络发布涉及实施违法犯罪活动的信息。
第四十九条
网络运营者应当加强对其用户发布的信息的管理，发现法律、行政法规禁止发布或者传输的信息的，应当立即停止传输该信息，采取消除等处置措施，防止信息扩散，保存有关记录，并向有关主管部门报告。
第五十条
任何个人和组织发送的电子信息、提供的应用软件，不得设置恶意程序，不得含有法律、行政法规禁止发布或者传输的信息。
电子信息发送服务提供者和应用软件下载服务提供者，应当履行安全管理义务，知道其用户有前款规定行为的，应当停止提供服务，采取消除等处置措施，保存有关记录，并向有关主管部门报告。
电子信息发送服务提供者和应用软件下载服务提供者，应当履行安全管理义务，知道其用户有前款规定行为的，应当停止提供服务，采取消除等处置措施，保存有关记录，并向有关主管部门报告。
第五十一条
网络运营者应当建立网络信息安全投诉、举报制度，公布投诉、举报方式等信息，及时受理并处理有关网络信息安全的投诉和举报。
第五十二条
国家网信部门和有关部门依法履行网络信息安全监督管理职责，发现法律、行政法规禁止发布或者传输的信息的，应当要求网络运营者停止传输，采取消除等处置措施，保存有关记录；对来源于中华人民共和国境外的上述信息，应当通知有关机构采取技术措施和其他必要措施阻断传播。
第五章 监测预警与应急处置
第五十三条
国家建立网络安全监测预警和信息通报制度。国家网信部门应当统筹协调有关部门加强网络安全信息收集、分析和通报工作，按照规定统一发布网络安全监测预警信息。
第五十四条
负责关键信息基础设施安全保护工作的部门，应当建立健全本行业、本领域的网络安全监测预警和信息通报制度，并按照规定报送网络安全监测预警信息。
第五十五条
国家网信部门协调有关部门建立健全网络安全风险评估和应急工作机制，制定网络安全事件应急预案，并定期组织演练。
负责关键信息基础设施安全保护工作的部门应当制定本行业、本领域的网络安全事件应急预案，并定期组织演练。
网络安全事件应急预案应当按照事件发生后的危害程度、影响范围等因素对网络安全事件进行分级，并规定相应的应急处置措施。
负责关键信息基础设施安全保护工作的部门应当制定本行业、本领域的网络安全事件应急预案，并定期组织演练。
网络安全事件应急预案应当按照事件发生后的危害程度、影响范围等因素对网络安全事件进行分级，并规定相应的应急处置措施。
第五十六条
网络安全事件发生的风险增大时，省级以上人民政府有关部门应当按照规定的权限和程序，并根据网络安全风险的特点和可能造成的危害，采取下列措施：
（一）要求有关部门、机构和人员及时收集、报告有关信息，加强对网络安全风险的监测；
（二）组织有关部门、机构和专业人员，对网络安全风险信息进行分析评估，预测事件发生的可能性、影响范围和危害程度；
（三）向社会发布网络安全风险预警，发布避免、减轻危害的措施。
（一）要求有关部门、机构和人员及时收集、报告有关信息，加强对网络安全风险的监测；
（二）组织有关部门、机构和专业人员，对网络安全风险信息进行分析评估，预测事件发生的可能性、影响范围和危害程度；
（三）向社会发布网络安全风险预警，发布避免、减轻危害的措施。
第五十七条
发生网络安全事件，应当立即启动网络安全事件应急预案，对网络安全事件进行调查和评估，要求网络运营者采取技术措施和其他必要措施，消除安全隐患，防止危害扩大，并及时向社会发布与公众有关的警示信息。
第五十八条
省级以上人民政府有关部门在履行网络安全监督管理职责中，发现网络存在较大安全风险或者发生安全事件的，可以按照规定的权限和程序对该网络的运营者的法定代表人或者主要负责人进行约谈。网络运营者应当按照要求采取措施，进行整改，消除隐患。
第五十九条
因网络安全事件，发生突发事件或者生产安全事故的，应当依照《中华人民共和国突发事件应对法》、《中华人民共和国安全生产法》等有关法律、行政法规的规定处置。
第六十条
因维护国家安全和社会公共秩序，处置重大突发社会安全事件的需要，经国务院决定或者批准，可以在特定区域对网络通信采取限制等临时措施。
第六章 法律责任
第六十一条
网络运营者不履行本法第二十三条、第二十七条规定的网络安全保护义务的，由有关主管部门责令改正，给予警告，可以处一万元以上五万元以下罚款；拒不改正或者导致危害网络安全等后果的，处五万元以上五十万元以下罚款，对直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员处一万元以上十万元以下罚款。
关键信息基础设施的运营者不履行本法第三十五条、第三十六条、第三十八条、第四十条规定的网络安全保护义务的，由有关主管部门责令改正，给予警告，可以处五万元以上十万元以下罚款；拒不改正或者导致危害网络安全等后果的，处十万元以上一百万元以下罚款。
有前两款行为，造成大量数据泄露、关键信息基础设施丧失局部功能等严重危害网络安全后果的，由有关主管部门处五十万元以上二百万元以下罚款；造成关键信息基础设施丧失主要功能等特别严重危害网络安全后果的，处二百万元以上一千万元以下罚款。
关键信息基础设施的运营者不履行本法第三十五条、第三十六条、第三十八条、第四十条规定的网络安全保护义务的，由有关主管部门责令改正，给予警告，可以处五万元以上十万元以下罚款；拒不改正或者导致危害网络安全等后果的，处十万元以上一百万元以下罚款。
有前两款行为，造成大量数据泄露、关键信息基础设施丧失局部功能等严重危害网络安全后果的，由有关主管部门处五十万元以上二百万元以下罚款；造成关键信息基础设施丧失主要功能等特别严重危害网络安全后果的，处二百万元以上一千万元以下罚款。
第六十二条
违反本法第二十四条第一款、第二款和第五十条第一款规定，有下列行为之一的，由有关主管部门责令改正，给予警告；拒不改正或者导致危害网络安全等后果的，处五万元以上五十万元以下罚款：
（一）设置恶意程序的；
（二）对其产品、服务存在的安全缺陷、漏洞等风险未立即采取补救措施；
（三）擅自终止为其产品、服务提供安全维护的。
（一）设置恶意程序的；
（二）对其产品、服务存在的安全缺陷、漏洞等风险未立即采取补救措施；
（三）擅自终止为其产品、服务提供安全维护的。
第六十三条至第七十七条
Articles 63 through 77 prescribe additional penalties for violations including: selling uncertified critical network equipment (Article 63); failing to require real-identity verification (Article 64); unlicensed cybersecurity assessment activities (Article 65); engaging in or facilitating cybersecurity-endangering activities (Article 66, including a five-year or lifetime ban on cybersecurity roles); CII operators using products that failed security review (Article 67); establishing illegal websites or groups (Article 68); failing to stop transmission of prohibited information (Article 69); refusing regulatory inspections (Article 70); cross-border data violations (Article 71); credit archive entries for violations (Article 72); and civil and criminal liability for violations causing damage to others (Article 76–77).
第七章 附则
第七十八条
本法下列用语的含义：
（一）网络，是指由计算机或者其他信息终端及相关设备组成的按照一定的规则和程序对信息进行收集、存储、传输、交换、处理的系统。
（二）网络安全，是指通过采取必要措施，防范对网络的攻击、侵入、干扰、破坏和非法使用以及意外事故，使网络处于稳定可靠运行的状态，以及保障网络数据的完整性、保密性、可用性的能力。
（三）网络运营者，是指网络的所有者、管理者和网络服务提供者。
（四）网络数据，是指通过网络收集、存储、传输、处理和产生的各种电子数据。
（五）个人信息，是指以电子或者其他方式记录的能够单独或者与其他信息结合识别自然人个人身份的各种信息，包括但不限于自然人的姓名、出生日期、身份证件号码、个人生物识别信息、住址、电话号码等。
（一）网络，是指由计算机或者其他信息终端及相关设备组成的按照一定的规则和程序对信息进行收集、存储、传输、交换、处理的系统。
（二）网络安全，是指通过采取必要措施，防范对网络的攻击、侵入、干扰、破坏和非法使用以及意外事故，使网络处于稳定可靠运行的状态，以及保障网络数据的完整性、保密性、可用性的能力。
（三）网络运营者，是指网络的所有者、管理者和网络服务提供者。
（四）网络数据，是指通过网络收集、存储、传输、处理和产生的各种电子数据。
（五）个人信息，是指以电子或者其他方式记录的能够单独或者与其他信息结合识别自然人个人身份的各种信息，包括但不限于自然人的姓名、出生日期、身份证件号码、个人生物识别信息、住址、电话号码等。
第七十九条
存储、处理涉及国家秘密信息的网络的运行安全保护，除应当遵守本法外，还应当遵守保密法律、行政法规的规定。
第八十条
军事网络的安全保护，由中央军事委员会另行规定。
第八十一条
本法自2017年6月1日起施行。
